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書寫者何江:關于一本不存在之書的推薦和版本學研究

事情需要的時間往往比估計得更長。

尤其是,如果這件事情源自某種熱切的渴望。越是想做,越是願意為之犧牲,它需要的時間也就越長。 我們是(或者曾經是)多麼熱切地渴望燃燒自己,圓滿完成某種心願,而世界更願意給熱望的心一個長長的教訓, 蹉跎熱情,兩鬓添霜,讓人看到萬事特别是那些我們尤其在乎的事情到底需要付出多少代價。到最後,在事情終于完成的那一刻,無法誇口說“這很圓滿”,隻能說“事情結束了”。懷抱着赤子之心所能達成的,大概就是這麼多了吧。

我要在這裡講的就是這樣一件事。我要推薦一本不會存在的英文回憶錄,和它的版本學研究。

我第一次見到何江是五年前,初冬的波士頓,哈佛廣場。見面的目的?介紹我們認識的朋友說,何江也對寫作有興趣,而我當時對寫作這件事情的癡迷在朋友中有了點神神叨叨的名氣。我們聊天,很快發現彼此寫作的興趣簡直可謂是鏡像的對立面,我想用中文寫關于異國的小說,而他想用英文寫關于自己在中國農村的成長經曆。這樣的對立讓我覺得着迷,到那一刻為止,我從未深究過為何自己執着于用中文寫異邦故事,這兩個選擇(用哪一種語言,寫什麼)對我來說都是自然而然的事情,于是我反倒好奇起來為什麼有人會偏執地想用英文寫中國的回憶錄。

我們在一家西餐廳吃晚飯,何江和這位做介紹人的朋友都是哈佛的生物博士,他們的童年截然不同,何江出生于中國農村,而這位介紹人朋友成長在中國一線城市的優渥家庭,而那一餐讓我印象深刻的一點是,這兩人在談吐和風度上驚人的相似:沒怎麼曬太陽的白皙皮膚,高等教育的文雅,實驗室生活滋養出的沉靜性格,經過沉思後的長句子。

寫下以上的段落讓我感慨,時間的飛逝,我們是多麼大大的低估每件事情所需的時間。在五年前哈佛廣場的西餐廳,他的英文書和我的中文書都已經有了詳細的寫作計劃,已經完成了大半,還都有了希望很大的出版方。我天真地以為,到第二年的夏天,這兩本書就可以印成厚厚的紙,贈送給彼此。

結果呢,我的關于異國人的小說(《中國特色的譯文讀者》)去年才剛剛得以出版,為了能出版這本虛構的小說集我不得不在幾年前先出版一本我自己興趣并不大的非虛構集子。那個殷勤備至而且簽了合同的出版公司,在這幾年中,從編輯雲集到幾乎走了所有人。紙質出版在世界範圍内,以難以想象的速度山河日下。而何江五年前就有了完整的構思英文回憶錄,至今仍未出版,倒是這本未出版的英文書的中文譯本,《走出自己的天空》,在幾個月前率先由湖南文藝出版社出版了。

我最近一次和何江聊天,問他英文版什麼時候能出,他說,編輯考慮到市場,建議他把已經改過許多稿的英文回憶錄改成小說再出版(!)。這毋甯是推倒重寫這一本書,然而,這樣古怪的要求,他居然在今年春天也已經把小說寫好。至于到底什麼時候能出版,真是天知道了……我不禁想起多年前,采訪Peter Hessler,聊起中美的出版界,他深深歎了口氣,說“這兩個國家的出版行業都有很多問題。兩相比較,美國的出版業更加病入膏肓,無可救藥。”

在波士頓,我認識過另一類來自鄉村的年輕人,他們的頭發裡仍然帶着清新的泥土氣,他們的臉龐黝黑燦爛,他們還沒有對來自鄉村這個身份産生懷疑和焦慮。何江不是這一類人。他已經決定了自己一生的志願,要做一個生物學家,過一種枯燥幹淨的書齋生活。他關于過往生活的書寫讓我想起盧梭的《忏悔錄》,哲學家回憶與自己當下已經毫無關系的童年生活。一種抱有距離感的真誠的回憶。

五年前的見面之後,他電郵發給我這本計劃中的英文書的幾個章節。當時,這本書是這樣開頭的:

It was a late spring night when I was five years old. Sleeping in my bed, I heard a voice echoing in my mind louder and louder. “Jiang and Jiaolong, wake up! Can you guys hear me? Wake up right now!”

I opened my eyes. Not far away, father was anxiously wandering around with a dim kerosene lamp in his hand. Mother sat by my side, trying to push my brother awake on the bed. Darkness covered most of the room; judging from the sound outside, I realized it was raining at that moment. I sat up, rubbed my sleeping eyes and wondered why they were calling us at this late hour. “What’s going on, Mom?”I asked.

“It’s the rain! Don’t you guys notice the heavy rain outside? Our house is flooded everywhere. Try to dress up quickly now! We may need to move out in case the house collapses!” Mother hastily explained. She didn’t have much time to tell me any details yet. But I clearly felt her anxiety from the trembling voice. Seeing that I was still half-asleep, mother pinched my arms to alert me up and threw the clothes to my side. “Hurry up, Jiang. It’s an emergency!”

這個章節随之繪聲繪色地回憶了五歲那年全家人是如何應對大雨倒灌,在描述這個具體回憶的過程中也白描了這個農村家庭的生活圖景。我本來并沒有對這本英文回憶錄有多大期待,而在閱讀了這最初的幾章之後我被着實吸引了。吸引我的有兩大理由。其一是鮮活而 罕見的生活經驗。捕魚的父親、織網的母親、補蛇的舅舅、養蠶寶寶的弟弟。何江筆下的每個人物都如此生動、而他們所過的日子又是一種多麼驚人、堅毅、而與衆不同的經曆啊。其二是一種獨特的帶有異邦感的語言特色。 因為作者本人的偏好以及對使用第二語言寫作的顧慮,這些英文章節中多短句子,多動詞,語言的選擇比一般的英文回憶錄更加正式而且節制。這些有意識或者無意識的選擇,所帶來的整體語言效果是獨特而典雅的,這本書充滿着具體的動作和情節,然而一以貫之的情緒卻如此順暢、沉穩,有一種自然而然的抒情性。

在接下來的五年中,何江又陸陸續續和我通信過幾次。每次聊起他的英文書,似乎在出版上總有一些進展,然而進展并不夠多,并不夠快,總感覺離最後的出版日期遙遙不可及。唯一不變的是,無論出版上的進度如何,他似乎總在重寫這本書。他發給我看最新的手稿,那些相同的故事和回憶總是在更換叙述的方式,而手稿的開頭總會不同。

某一版本的手稿開頭是關于父母的結婚證書:

When I was a small boy, rummaging through lost items at home, I came across one of the most well hidden objects in the deepest corner of my mother’s closet. It was a small brown wooden box with a blue latch, no lock, only a rusty nail twisted into a half circle to secure the inside such that little effort was needed to pry it open. Lying inside was a collection of booklets stacked on top of each other, all tied up by a red ribbon. There were mostly documents issued by the government to grant my family the right to live in the countryside. A crimson covered one, with several light blue sheets inside, listed the name of my family members. A few printed lines followed father’s name, reading “Farming household, owns a total of 7.7 acres of rice paddies in Ting Zhong Village.” Another one, quite thick, began with several pages of abstracts from the Chinese Constitution, explaining that all lands are owned by the country, and that individuals are only permitted by the government to use the land lawfully. The only page with father’s signature documented the boarders of our house---north: a communal road; south: mountains; west: ditch; east: vegetable garden. There were additional booklets, for instance ones that allowed the family to guard a small mountain in the south of the village and ones that publicized the significance of “One-Child Policy”. Yet, none of them interested me as much as a small red covered one. From the print, I gathered it was the marriage certificate for my parents.

而另一版本的手稿開頭是關于城市生活的想象:

When I was a child, long before I moved to the United States, I was told by everyone that the world outside my village was a much better place. If I ever got into that wonderland, I would find Sugar River and Golden Palace, and live a happy and carefree life. At that time, my village was still an isolated place. The farthest most peasants traveled was to the center of the town, ten kilometers away from my house. Peasants liked to gather at the center of the village, where the only bus out of town came by twice a day, chattering and fantasizing a glamorous world beyond our horizon.

“Boy, do you know that people in the cities don’t walk by themselves, but have sedan chairs to carry them around?” A peasant tugged me forward to share what they knew about the outside world. “People don’t grow crops there - unlike us in the village. There is no rice or vegetables on their lands. If you become hungry, just walk to the street. There will be people serving delicious food everywhere.”

“Is the food there free?” I have always had this question throughout my childhood.

“It is free. I am most positive that it’s free. How can food not be free in a city?”

There were two types of people in the world - one who relied on physical labor to live, and one who relied on their mind power. In a village where the value of food was measured by the working hours, it was natural for those who did physical labor to think the other camp never actually worked, and the food, therefore, must be offered to them for free.

還有一個版本的開頭是關于如何在谷歌地圖上找到他的家鄉:

It will be most easy to describe where I was originally from by just searching from google map. However, these attempts might be futile because I did try to locate where it is once but only to find it blank as I started to enlarge the images. Most of people won’t even care about where it is and for those who care about it; they know every road by heart. It is within Hunan Province in the middle of China, about *** miles away from the Three-Gorges Dam. Surrounded by continuous mountains almost as a natural barrier, people started to live within this region and build up cities around 1500 years ago. Within the county/district, there are around 1.3 million people living today. It is heavily populated given the county itself is only 2906 km2.

Our village has around 2000 people, occupying an extremely small area of farming land----the size equal to Cambridge in MA. For many years, rice is the only crop we grow and every family relies on the rice been produced to feed their own. Most of families do have livestock so that they can either sell them or get meat to eat. Land is extremely barren and rich lands for agriculture are scarce. Around 15 years ago, most of families still relied heavily on agriculture for their life even though it couldn’t produce much. Almost all of the work was done manually at that time and hence it is an extremely inefficient way of agriculture. The annual income was around 400 dollars for most of the farmers at that time in my hometown and most people were extremely poor. It was when the “one-child policy” was just constitutionalized in China and reaching the rural countryside when I was born even though I have a younger brother. Families were just beginning not to be allowed to have more than one baby and those did would be seriously punished by the government. The culture revolution still had its shadow in people’s mind and most of farmers didn’t know what to do for their future. Life was tough, and just like what it was for hundreds of years, with endless work in the farm field and little hope for the future.

這樣不斷的重寫和改寫讓我癡迷。 我問何江,書稿一共改了多少版?他說他也不知道到底改了多少版,似乎總是在改。 删删改改了那麼多年,甚至經曆了一次筆記本電腦被丢, 從前寫的很多個版本都找不到了。為什麼總在不停地改?似乎這其中有很多“貴人”和“友人”的意見,每一個似乎能為出版推波助瀾的新朋友,看到稿子之後總會提出這樣那樣的意見,把何江的書包裝成喲一個他們想象中的“美國夢”。

然而另外的一些修改(甚至可以說,大部分修改)的确是自發的。一個人沉迷于完美地講述自己的故事,為當下的自己找到依憑。他自然有很多素材,他的童年比城市孩子的童年要豐富得多。然而在數次改寫中,他實則并沒有增删任何素材,隻是在不斷地在改變叙述的方式、順序、角度。這個關于成長的故事中總是包括了老房子的坍塌,對于新房子朝向的争論, 打工的父親如何想方設法把發到的薪水藏在身上,每次去看外婆的時候如何淌水過河……同樣是這些素材,然而何江叙述這些事情的角度的确發生變化了。

最初寫的幾個版本,一種曆險的驚喜感躍然紙上,一個人在記憶深處重新找到了那些鮮活的故事,随着主人公(也就是少年時的自己)重新經曆一遍冒險。他不厭其煩地回憶出當初的所有對話,所有動作的細節,少年時的自己是何其興奮,正如現在作為書寫者的自己是何其興奮。

而後寫的版本,在叙述的角度上最大的改動,我認為是自發地加入了一個正統的聲音。其一,是人物的描述上更加stereotype了。初稿中母親是一個極富創造力,奇想連篇的人,定稿中的母親仍然富有創造力,卻同時突出了她的操勞辛苦。初稿中的爺爺固執而不近人情, 作者清晰地回憶了自己當時對爺爺的某些決定是多麼恨,定稿中,每每提及爺爺的刻薄,作者便不忘記以一個過來人的姿态原諒了這位長輩。 和初稿中那時不時讓人驚歎的情節轉折相比,定稿似乎一直在為其人其事合理化,平常化,似乎是刻意為了讓人看到,即使生活在這樣一個偏僻的農耕家庭中,家庭關系裡的“嚴父慈母”,“教育至上”的觀念,就和一個大城市中産階級的的孩子無甚區别。 其二,在回憶往事的基礎上,作者會加叙夾議一些“主流價值觀”。在回憶童年趣事的間隙,他不時發出感慨: 十幾年來中國的進步巨大,全世界有目共睹。或者:中國農村已經日新月異了,自己童年這些苦中作樂的經曆在下一代的農村孩子已經無法想象。或者:如今在哈佛做研究時,時常想到童年的經曆,更加激勵自己造福更多人。而現在在大陸市場上能買到的中文版《走出自己的天空》,更接近于這些後期版本的中文翻譯。

對于這些修改,我不太同意喜歡。究其原因,并不是因為我覺得何江寫得不對或者不應該這樣寫,而是近幾年的這個國家的政治走向,讓我對這樣一種“中國夢”的歌頌式的調子的本能的懷疑。也許何江的家庭和村莊的确在最近幾年中日新月異,天翻地覆,而我的下意識總覺得“這些對于威權政府的贊美令人可疑”,“為什麼他不提提留守兒童問題呢?”,“為什麼他沒有提到農民工問題呢?”。我受到的自由化的教育讓我覺得:一個知識分子的良知理應讓作者帶有批判意識的看待問題,而不是去附和/加強一種意識形态下的主流觀念。想到這裡,我就意識到,我這種批評本身其實就局限于自己的背景和階級的。隻有一個城市中産階級,才會凡事都本能地對當權者産生懷疑。而隻有一個受過高等教育訓練的人,才會把評判精神當作是良知的一部分。

這段自省的話或許會讓人一頭霧水。到底是什麼意思呢?大概就是《了不起的蓋茨比》開頭的意思:“每當你想要批評别人的時候,一定要記住,并不是所有的人都擁有你那樣的優越條件。” 我想說的是,我格外喜歡我最初讀到的那幾章英文初稿,那麼清新,自然,一個人剛剛找到自己的聲音。我也能漸漸理解了他為何幾番删改,最後的中文成書裡能看到初稿裡那些清新的段落和意境,也能看到一個作者與自己的辯論、鬥争、和妥協。我和何江并不熟,匆匆一兩次見面,一年半載寫上一兩句email。然而我的确視他為一個珍重的朋友,就像一面鏡子,在這個看不到終點不過終點似乎早已無關緊要的馬拉松出版之路上,照見自己對讀和寫的熱情。

哈佛一别,五年過去了。何江成為了在哈佛畢業典禮上第一個做演講的中國學子,這個殊榮和他獨特的童年經曆着實吸引了一陣子中國媒體的眼球。他留在了波士頓,從哈佛去了麻省理工做博後,繼續在科研的長路上奮進。而我呢, 五年前見何江時我還在美聯儲工作,而五年後的美國似乎已經不需要那麼多金融和經濟人才了,就像很多受過金融和經濟學教育的朋友們一樣,我搬到了美國西海岸,加入了一家科技公司,成為了一個數據科學家。

和我經常交接的一個産品經理,是個出生在中國東北的男孩子。二戰前後此地遺留下來了一些日本人,戰後并沒有回到日本,而是與當地人通婚,有了混血的孩子。這位男生,就因此有了四分之一的日本血統。在東北的農村裡長到快十歲,因為一個機緣,得以回到日本,開始學日語,進入日本的學校求學,因此才改變了頭朝黃土背朝天的命運。 我們年齡相仿,所以講話戲谑。 每次聊天,聊到最後他總是用誇張的英文說,“Lily,哇,你是上海來的。大城市啊,city girl,very spoiled.” 我便跟他解釋,我小時候,上海人是多麼窮,父母單位分的公寓是多麼小,學校宿舍是多麼破。他聽而笑之,一個勁地調侃說,spoiled, spoiled。有一回,已經是下班時間了,不太忙, 他便用英文說,“來,給你看看我老家。” 他打開谷歌地圖,一路移到黑龍江的一座山脈,放大,放大,一直放到一片空白之處,他回頭看我,換成東北腔的普通話說:“看,這就是咱們村。因為太偏了,地圖上都找不到的。” 他又移到邊上的一個黑點,說,“這就是我的小學。危房,已經炸掉了。” 然後他慢慢地以一種平時聽不到的嚴肅的口氣說,“你跟我說過,上海那個時候是多麼窮,學校是多麼破。可是,至少你的故鄉在地圖上能找到,你的學校還沒有被炸掉,對不對?”

這個男生常常讓我想起何江。每當他聊起自己窮苦的童年——遠遠多過窮苦,而是窮苦所帶來的那種冒險精神和堅定的信念,我所受到的教益,正如我閱讀到的所有的何江的文字。

就像何江不斷重寫這本書的開頭那樣,他發給我的每一版書稿也都有着截然不同的結尾。每一個結尾,他似乎都在試圖解釋,為什麼要寫作,為什麼要寫這本書,這些過去和他的當下有什麼關系。有一個結尾,他提到了他在哈佛交到的幾個美國朋友如何影響了他的世界觀。另一個結尾,他提到了被蛇咬傷後的舅舅走南闖北在中國各地做施工,遭遇拖欠工資,隻好回故鄉重操舊業做回捕蛇人。還有一個結尾,也是我最喜歡的一個結尾,提到了父母對家鄉的烏江污染的反應。 本書的中文版《走出自己的天空》的最後一章也是關于這條母親河烏江的,可是并沒有提到英文版裡這件轶事。我想,這些英文恐怕也不會進入到那本美國編輯想要的小說裡去吧。這本不存在的英文回憶錄的結尾,我抄錄在這裡:

“The police are people with sense, aren’t they, son? They know the Black River is our only river. If the water is polluted, where are we going to get our drinking water?”

“But it seems the local government is on their side. Will this protest ever be useful?”

“I don’t know, son. But many people in the village are saying that we should have our voices heard by the local officials. If we don’t do anything, we will be the ones who suffer in the end.”

I was surprised to hear my parents making such a sensible argument, for they rarely cared about these social matters before. Hanging up the phone, I wondered whether it was the modernization process that had helped my parents develop a more educated perspective on their lives, and I couldn’t help thinking what their life in the countryside might become in the years to come.

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