前端學習 linux —— 軟件安裝(Ubuntu)

本篇主要講解 ubuntu 中軟件的安裝、apt 的源、内網部署案例（graylog 為例），最後是 python 開發準備。

在linux 第一篇我們知道如果機器是 ubuntu 則可用 apt-get/dpkg 安裝軟件，如果是centos 則可用 rpm/yum。

apt 和 rpm 都是軟件包管理工具。

Linux有上百種不同的發行版，如基于社區開發的debian、archlinux，和基于商業開發的Red Hat Enterprise Linux、SUSE、Oracle Linux等。

注：網友說 apt 能用于 debian 系列，rpm 能用于 Red Hat 系列（筆者未親測）。

rpm 包可轉為 deb 包。筆者安裝 graylog 時，最初隻找到 graylog-sidecar-repository.rpm 包，于是使用 alien 将其轉為 deb，然後在使用 dpkg 安裝，并成功生效。盡量用原生的 deb 包。

以 ubuntu 為例，裡面有個文件 /etc/apt/sources.list 指定了軟件倉庫的地址（美國）。

通過 apt-get 下載軟件就是去到美國，從而導緻網絡速度緩慢以及不穩定。

國内有個網站（清華大學開源軟件鏡像站）利用鏡像技術同步了美國那邊的軟件倉庫。我們将美國的源替換成清華的源以後，下次下載軟件就無須去出國，解決速度以及網絡的不穩定。

進入華大學開源軟件鏡像站，找到自己的操作系統（例如 Ubuntu），點擊問号（？）進入後選擇對應的版本（20.0.4），複制源。就像這樣：

備份 sources.list 并替換成新的源：

// 複制

root@linux:/etc/apt# cp sources.list sources.list.bak

// 清空 sources.list

root@linux:/etc/apt# echo '' > sources.list

// 輸入清華源，保存

root@linux:/etc/apt# vim sources.list

# 默認注釋了源碼鏡像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注釋

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse

# 預發布軟件源，不建議啟用

# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

最後更新源 apt-get update。

通過 apt-get remove vim 卸載 vim：

root@linux:/home/pjl# apt-get remove vim

Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree

Reading state information... Done

The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:

  vim-runtime

Use 'apt autoremove' to remove it.

The following packages will be REMOVED:

  vim

0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 11 not upgraded.

After this operation, 3,112 kB disk space will be freed.

Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y

(Reading database ... 364122 files and directories currently installed.)

Removing vim (2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9) ...

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.tiny to provide /usr/bin/vi (vi) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.tiny to provide /usr/bin/view (view) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.tiny to provide /usr/bin/ex (ex) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.tiny to provide /usr/bin/rview (rview) in auto mode

再次輸入 vim，提示 vim 命令找不到，并給了一些推薦：

root@linux:/home/pjl# vim

Command 'vim' not found, but can be installed with:

apt install vim         # version 2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9, or

apt install vim-tiny    # version 2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9

apt install vim-athena  # version 2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9

apt install vim-gtk3    # version 2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9

apt install vim-nox     # version 2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9

apt install neovim      # version 0.4.3-3

通過 apt install vim 安裝 vim：

root@linux:/# apt install vim

Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree

Reading state information... Done

Suggested packages:

  ctags vim-doc vim-scripts

The following NEW packages will be installed:

  vim

0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 148 not upgraded.

Need to get 0 B/1,238 kB of archives.

After this operation, 3,112 kB of additional disk space will be used.

Selecting previously unselected package vim.

(Reading database ... 364113 files and directories currently installed.)

Preparing to unpack .../vim_2%3a8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9_amd64.deb ...

Unpacking vim (2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9) ...

Setting up vim (2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9) ...

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vim (vim) in auto mode

...

安裝成功：

root@linux:/home/pjl# vim --help

VIM - Vi IMproved 8.1 (2018 May 18, compiled Sep 19 2022 04:59:57)

Usage: vim [arguments] [file ..]       edit specified file(s)

   or: vim [arguments] -               read text from stdin

   or: vim [arguments] -t tag          edit file where tag is defined

   or: vim [arguments] -q [errorfile]  edit file with first error

...

通過 apt-cache show vim 查看 vim 安裝包的信息。例如架構（Architecture）、版本（Version）、描述（Description）...

root@linux:/# apt-cache show vim

Package: vim

Architecture: amd64

Version: 2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9

Priority: optional

Section: editors

Origin: Ubuntu

Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers 

Original-Maintainer: Debian Vim Maintainers 

Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug

Installed-Size: 3039

Provides: editor

Depends: vim-common (= 2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9), vim-runtime (= 2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9), libacl1 (>= 2.2.23), libc6 (>= 2.29), libcanberra0 (>= 0.2), libgpm2 (>= 1.20.7), libpython3.8 (>= 3.8.2), libselinux1 (>= 1.32), libtinfo6 (>= 6)

Suggests: ctags, vim-doc, vim-scripts

Filename: pool/main/v/vim/vim_8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9_amd64.deb

Size: 1237920

...

Homepage: https://www.vim.org/

Description-en: Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor

 Vim is an almost compatible version of the UNIX editor Vi.

 .

 Many new features have been added: multi level undo, syntax

 highlighting, command line history, on-line help, filename

 completion, block operations, folding, Unicode support, etc.

 .

 This package contains a version of vim compiled with a rather

 standard set of features.  This package does not provide a GUI

 version of Vim.  See the other vim-* packages if you need more

 (or less).

Description-md5: 59e8b8f7757db8b53566d5d119872de8

Task: server, cloud-image, lubuntu-desktop

graylog 是一個日志系統，已在外網通過 docker-compose 安裝成功。就像這樣：

有關 graylog 的更詳細介紹将另開博文，這裡隻需知道我們需要将 3 個鏡像導出，以及離線下載好 sidecar 和 filebeat。

Tip：Compose 是用于定義和運行多容器 Docker 應用程序的工具。通過 Compose，您可以使用 YML 文件來配置應用程序需要的所有服務。然後，使用一個命令，就可以從 YML 文件配置中創建并啟動所有服務。筆者 docker 和 docker-compsose 版本如下：

root@linux:/# docker -v

Docker version 20.10.14, build a224086

root@linux:/# docker-compose -v

docker-compose version 1.25.0, build unknown

現在運行了三個容器：

• graylog/graylog:4.3
• docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss:7.10.2
• mongo:4.2

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# docker ps

CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                                                      COMMAND                  CREATED        STATUS                  PORTS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 NAMES

78b3ded2a509   graylog/graylog:4.3                                        "/usr/bin/tini -- wa…"   10 hours ago   Up 10 hours (healthy)   0.0.0.0:1514->1514/tcp, 0.0.0.0:1514->1514/udp, :::1514->1514/tcp, :::1514->1514/udp, 0.0.0.0:5044->5044/tcp, 0.0.0.0:5044->5044/udp, :::5044->5044/tcp, :::5044->5044/udp, 0.0.0.0:12201->12201/tcp, 0.0.0.0:12201->12201/udp, :::12201->12201/tcp, :::12201->12201/udp, 0.0.0.0:9000->9000/tcp, :::9300->9000/tcp   graylog-lixian_graylog_1

99f7d32835b3   docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss:7.10.2   "/tini -- /usr/local…"   10 hours ago   Up 10 hours             9200/tcp, 9300/tcp                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    graylog-lixian_elasticsearch_1

fed264cb8890   mongo:4.2                                                  "docker-entrypoint.s…"   10 hours ago   Up 10 hours             27017/tcp                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             graylog-lixian_mongodb_1

使用 docker save 導出這三個鏡像：

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# docker save --help

Usage:  docker save [OPTIONS] IMAGE [IMAGE...]

Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)

Options:

  -o, --output string   Write to a file, instead of STDOUT

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# docker save -o graylog.tar graylog/graylog:4.3

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# docker save -o es.tar docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss:7.10.2

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# docker save -o mongo.tar mongo:4.2

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# ll

total 2026416

-rw------- 1 root     root     709774336 11月 19 19:53 es.tar

-rw------- 1 root     root     517527040 11月 19 19:52 graylog.tar

-rw------- 1 root     root     392081408 11月 19 19:54 mongo.tar

通過 wget 下載 graylog-sidecar-repository_1-2_all.deb：

Tip: wget 是一個從網絡上自動下載文件的自由工具，支持通過 HTTP、HTTPS、FTP 三個最常見的 TCP/IP協議 下載

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# wget https://packages.graylog2.org/repo/packages/graylog-sidecar-repository_1-2_all.deb

--2022-11-19 08:42:38--  https://packages.graylog2.org/repo/packages/graylog-sidecar-repository_1-2_all.deb

Resolving packages.graylog2.org (packages.graylog2.org)... 54.157.4.65, 54.196.16.164, 34.201.80.84, ...

Connecting to packages.graylog2.org (packages.graylog2.org)|54.157.4.65|:443... connected.

HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found

Location: https://graylog-package-repository.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/packages/graylog-sidecar-repository_1-2_all.deb?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20221125T004248Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=600&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIJSI6MCSPXFVDPIA%2F20221125%2Feu-west-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=71d979cfb4a02e437c6bc66501c18519ded1ca6d3013f92e49e3a3a0c7c56817 [following]

--2022-11-19 08:42:48--  https://graylog-package-repository.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/packages/graylog-sidecar-repository_1-2_all.deb?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20221125T004248Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=600&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIJSI6MCSPXFVDPIA%2F20221125%2Feu-west-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=71d979cfb4a02e437c6bc66501c18519ded1ca6d3013f92e49e3a3a0c7c56817

Resolving graylog-package-repository.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com (graylog-package-repository.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com)... 52.92.16.146, 52.218.37.32, 52.218.88.136, ...

Connecting to graylog-package-repository.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com (graylog-package-repository.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com)|52.92.16.146|:443... connected.

HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK

Length: 2002 (2.0K) [application/x-debian-package]

Saving to: ‘graylog-sidecar-repository_1-2_all.deb’

graylog-sidecar-repository_1-2_all.deb                    100%[====================================================================================================================================>]   1.96K  --.-KB/s    in 0.001s

2022-11-19 08:42:49 (1.37 MB/s) - ‘graylog-sidecar-repository_1-2_all.deb’ saved [2002/2002]

官網提示的下載 apt-get install graylog-sidecar，我們使用 download 參數下載 deb 包：

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# apt-get download graylog-sidecar

Get:1 https://packages.graylog2.org/repo/debian sidecar-stable/1.2 amd64 graylog-sidecar amd64 1.2.0-1 [2,791 kB]

Fetched 2,791 kB in 17s (160 kB/s)

W: Download is performed unsandboxed as root as file '/home/pjl/graylog-offline/graylog-sidecar_1.2.0-1_amd64.deb' couldn't be accessed by user '_apt'. - pkgAcquire::Run (13: Permission denied)

filebeat 直接去官網下載deb（筆者選擇deb x86_64），版本和已按照的保持相同：

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# dpkg -l |grep filebeat

ii  filebeat                                   7.13.2                                amd64        Filebeat sends log files to Logstash or directly to Elasticsearch.

所有的 6 個包都已準備完畢。

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# ll

total 1619652

-rw-r--r-- 1 root     root          1766 11月 19 09:06 docker-compose.yml

-rw------- 1 root     root     709774336 11月 19 19:53 es.tar

-rw-r--r-- 1 root     root      36311722 11月 19 08:54 filebeat-7.13.2-amd64.deb

-rw-r--r-- 1 root     root       2790802 6月   2 17:28 graylog-sidecar_1.2.0-1_amd64.deb

-rw-r--r-- 1 root     root          2002 6月   2 17:56 graylog-sidecar-repository_1-2_all.deb

-rw------- 1 root     root     517527040 11月 19 19:52 graylog.tar

-rw------- 1 root     root     392081408 11月 19 19:54 mongo.tar

将其拷貝到内網，安裝即可。步驟如下：

Tip：内網不方便演示，筆者就在外網重新離線安裝。筆者也不重新卸載安裝 docker 和 docker-compose，如果沒有安裝這兩個軟件，命令行輸入 docker 或 docker-compose，根據提示安裝即可，非常簡單。

• 重置環境。關閉服務并删除3個鏡像：

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-lixian# docker-compose down

Stopping graylog-lixian_graylog_1       ... done

Stopping graylog-lixian_elasticsearch_1 ... done

Stopping graylog-lixian_mongodb_1       ... done

Removing graylog-lixian_graylog_1       ... done

Removing graylog-lixian_elasticsearch_1 ... done

Removing graylog-lixian_mongodb_1       ... done

Removing network graylog-lixian_default

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-lixian# docker image rm graylog/graylog:4.3 docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss:7.10.2 mongo:4.2

Untagged: graylog/graylog:4.3

Deleted: sha256:55ffcbea624710985a23a15f04d118e201073dcd3b7a343f2ab5b534059ab9e0

Deleted: sha256:95636585c59c7d040157088102a02c47796a6f8f4dfb74108865cf2fca817844

Deleted: sha256:cee1ef78449af7fcbace0d38a477bb317202b7b6023215337cb3838464777e0e

Deleted: sha256:5739285dc8a194529deb390bca84c900f7d526cd767b5ad5d8551effb1af9b49

Deleted: sha256:ebb1b00be0cd803054a1c79ff5f2d5e41f931ab9c3079dbf54a7b5d5ad1315ad

Deleted: sha256:3de2a1ad54fe9f36042083de5f6983e060a88690521f2d9774fa9ddd1aa2ffcb

Deleted: sha256:e8154d0a37c1267defc8bfffb52cab56929897b2e7b20385c9829f11c97ae02e

Deleted: sha256:a4e4bc09e93e3e6cbc6e7be2240ed9b3d78f8a43e030fe0a860df1526fbd730b

Deleted: sha256:744b10777242203afd599783d96a1e1b56e84eb9552adb0e0137df17498c4d95

Deleted: sha256:7ea4455e747ead87d6cc1c4efaf3a79530a931a0856a9f9ce9ac2d8d45bd3c28

Untagged: docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss:7.10.2

Untagged: docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss@sha256:2c257b68f361872e13bdd476cba152e232a314ec61b0eedfc1f71b628ba39432

Deleted: sha256:b313026e6fbdbf01894ef8c67d558d3c7d89c70214d4c9e2a147ba10540a7738

Deleted: sha256:7e5a1b4b267a714d873c14d2c6fdbf6fd6ef0aef36545d1bef536313adc14cee

Deleted: sha256:76d3944a3706d3ebf55d930ea0ea052041e144a565f1d5763361bf6d8067c47d

Deleted: sha256:06f9bf706f6a8ede593fed88436a9378d54565cb46354f0e0d7ca70d3468d256

Deleted: sha256:3858ad285c1b1d644466fac196f84588afcd7e4ccd8e60d1cdfe647240e1f9ac

Deleted: sha256:79a5a63f73ec4cf09eb962b402f4b875e5144b3a3dbf20c4f0b19f16ada87539

Deleted: sha256:c2f6b02ece14735913273b7f7dee602aec5272a5ad6b3edffa01bbebb7ea1016

Deleted: sha256:c258379f39b882c203abb2d395b781a7889f0c13389f9c6f33c5ae6c6d4709de

Deleted: sha256:b00f1ef5af2ecc0886489536d3ea820f99e1de124fa2e1db2ecc9a8da52f6c3f

Deleted: sha256:2653d992f4ef2bfd27f94db643815aa567240c37732cae1405ad1c1309ee9859

Untagged: mongo:4.2

• 通過 docker load -i 導入 3 個鏡像：

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# docker load -i graylog.tar

7ea4455e747e: Loading layer [==================================================>]  80.31MB/80.31MB

8db88cbdad95: Loading layer [==================================================>]  36.61MB/36.61MB

9bc92c3293a3: Loading layer [==================================================>]  108.8MB/108.8MB

acbd873348fa: Loading layer [==================================================>]   2.56kB/2.56kB

bf85b6e40dda: Loading layer [==================================================>]  260.1MB/260.1MB

5f70bf18a086: Loading layer [==================================================>]  1.024kB/1.024kB

8c758c13793c: Loading layer [==================================================>]   31.7MB/31.7MB

899d199c6115: Loading layer [==================================================>]  5.632kB/5.632kB

277e8b048045: Loading layer [==================================================>]   5.12kB/5.12kB

Loaded image: graylog/graylog:4.3

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# docker load -i mongo.tar

Loaded image: mongo:4.2

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# docker load -i es.tar

2653d992f4ef: Loading layer [==================================================>]  216.5MB/216.5MB

7d054489f6eb: Loading layer [==================================================>]  71.64MB/71.64MB

56319c3e73b9: Loading layer [==================================================>]  314.4kB/314.4kB

ec3900b77411: Loading layer [==================================================>]  420.7MB/420.7MB

719b01194e7c: Loading layer [==================================================>]   25.6kB/25.6kB

02f56ad574d0: Loading layer [==================================================>]  4.608kB/4.608kB

a1b5f2939457: Loading layer [==================================================>]  7.168kB/7.168kB

d66f67be6b73: Loading layer [==================================================>]   55.3kB/55.3kB

0dcc68aca185: Loading layer [==================================================>]  466.4kB/466.4kB

Loaded image: docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss:7.10.2

• 啟動服務即可（可後台啟動 docker-compose up -d）：

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-offline# docker-compose up

Creating network "graylog-offline_default" with the default driver

Creating graylog-offline_elasticsearch_1 ... done

Creating graylog-offline_mongodb_1       ... done

Creating graylog-offline_graylog_1       ... done

...

附上 docker-compose.yml 内容（來自官網）：

Tip：修改了 GRAYLOG_HTTP_EXTERNAL_URI，增加了 5044

version: '2'

services:

  # MongoDB: https://hub.docker.com/_/mongo/

  mongodb:

    image: mongo:4.2

    volumes:

      - mongo_data:/data/db

   # Elasticsearch: https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/7.10/docker.html

  elasticsearch:

    image: docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-oss:7.10.2

    volumes:

      - es_data:/usr/share/elasticsearch/data

    environment:

      - http.host=0.0.0.0

      - transport.host=localhost

      - network.host=0.0.0.0

      - "ES_JAVA_OPTS=-Xms512m -Xmx512m"

    ulimits:

      memlock:

        soft: -1

        hard: -1

    mem_limit: 1g

  # Graylog: https://hub.docker.com/r/graylog/graylog/

  graylog:

    image: graylog/graylog:4.3

    volumes:

      - graylog_data:/usr/share/graylog/data

    environment:

      # CHANGE ME (must be at least 16 characters)!

      - GRAYLOG_PASSWORD_SECRET=somepasswordpepper

      # Password: admin

      - GRAYLOG_ROOT_PASSWORD_SHA2=8c6976e5b5410415bde908bd4dee15dfb167a9c873fc4bb8a81f6f2ab448a918

      # 改用自己服務器的 IP

      - GRAYLOG_HTTP_EXTERNAL_URI=http://192.168.1.123:9000/

    entrypoint: /usr/bin/tini -- wait-for-it elasticsearch:9200 --  /docker-entrypoint.sh

    links:

        - mongodb:mongo

        - elasticsearch

    restart: always

    depends_on:

      - mongodb

      - elasticsearch

    ports:

      # Graylog web interface and REST API

      - 9000:9000

      # Syslog TCP

      - 1514:1514

      # Syslog UDP

      - 1514:1514/udp

      # GELF TCP

      - 12201:12201

      # GELF UDP

      - 12201:12201/udp

      # GELF TCP

      - 5044:5044

      - 5044:5044/udp

# Volumes for persisting data, see https://docs.docker.com/engine/admin/volumes/volumes/

volumes:

  mongo_data:

    driver: local

  es_data:

    driver: local

  graylog_data:

    driver: local

ubuntu 自帶 python 開發環境（兩個版本）。

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-lixian# python

Python 2.7.18 (default, Jul  1 2022, 12:27:04)

[GCC 9.4.0] on linux2

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-lixian# python3

Python 3.8.10 (default, Jun 22 2022, 20:18:18)

[GCC 9.4.0] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

運行一個最簡單的 python 程序（hello.py）。請看操作：

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-lixian# cat hello.py

print('hello')

root@linux:/home/pjl/graylog-lixian# python hello.py

hello

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